Other individuals in the conspiracy must intend to agree, and all must intend to achieve the outcome. But the court will also care about the mental states of the alleged partners in crime. The Element of "Intent"Īs with other specific intent crimes, a person's intention is key. Instead, an agreement may be implied from the circumstances, such as where Hank and his two companions hold a meeting to plan the crime. For instance, in the above example, Hank isn't required to tell Jason and Alice in unequivocal terms, "I agree to commit a crime with you" (although that statement would surely be a prosecutor's dream). You might be wondering how exactly an agreement between two co-conspirators is formed. All three can be charged with conspiracy to commit robbery, regardless of whether the robbery itself is ever attempted or completed. They 1) visit the bank first to assess its security, and 2) pool their money and buy a gun. A person may be convicted of conspiracy even if the actual crime was never committed.įor example, Jason, Alice, and Hank plan a bank robbery. The action taken need not itself be a crime, but it must indicate that those involved in the conspiracy knew of the plan and intended to break the law. Spirit-rapping is from 1852.A criminal conspiracy exists when two or more people agree to commit almost any unlawful act, then take some action toward its completion. Latin spiritus, usually in classical Latin "breath," replaces animus in the sense "spirit" in the imperial period and appears in Christian writings as the usual equivalent of Greek pneuma. spiritus) but "is without significance for earlier periods". Distinction between "soul" and "spirit" (as "seat of emotions") became current in Christian terminology (such as Greek psykhe vs. as "divine substance, divine mind, God " also "Christ" or His divine nature "the Holy Ghost divine power " also, "extension of divine power to man inspiration, a charismatic state charismatic power, especially of prophecy." Also "essential nature, essential quality." From 1580s in metaphoric sense "animation, vitality."Īccording to Barnhart and OED, originally in English mainly from passages in Vulgate, where the Latin word translates Greek pneuma and Hebrew ruah. as "character, disposition way of thinking and feeling, state of mind source of a human desire " in Middle English freedom of spirit meant "freedom of choice." From late 14c. This also is the sense in spirit level (1768). 1500 as "substance capable of uniting the fixed and the volatile elements of the philosopher's stone." Hence spirits "volatile substance " sense narrowed to "strong alcoholic liquor" by 1670s. in alchemy as "volatile substance distillate " from c. Louis) is attested from 1680s, common after 1800 Spirit of '76 in reference to the qualities that sparked and sustained the American Revolution is attested by 1797 in William Cobbett's "Porcupine's Gazette and Daily Advertiser."įrom late 14c. 1500 as "a nature, character" sense of "essential principle of something" (in a non-theological context, as in Spirit of St. Meaning "supernatural immaterial creature angel, demon an apparition, invisible corporeal being of an airy nature" is attested from mid-14c.
But de Vaan says "Possibly an onomatopoeic formation imitating the sound of breathing. Mid-13c., "animating or vital principle in man and animals," from Anglo-French spirit, Old French espirit "spirit, soul" (12c., Modern French esprit) and directly from Latin spiritus "a breathing (respiration, and of the wind), breath breath of a god," hence "inspiration breath of life," hence "life " also "disposition, character high spirit, vigor, courage pride, arrogance," related to spirare "to breathe," perhaps from PIE *(s)peis- "to blow" (source also of Old Church Slavonic pisto "to play on the flute").
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